基于荧光光谱技术的菜籽油氧化状态智能评价

菜籽油在加工及贮藏过程中，易受氧气、温度、光照等因素的影响，产生氧化酸败现象。为准确判断油脂氧化程度，实现不同氧化模式下菜籽油品质的快速判别，采用三维同步荧光光谱技术结合平行因子分析法及BP神经网络法建立菜籽油氧化状态的智能评价模型。以冷榨菜籽油为原料，将样品分别置于常温、Schaal烘箱、高温模式中氧化处理，期间采集菜籽油的三维同步荧光光谱数据及理化指标，当理化指标超出国标限定范围时，停止采集数据。结果表明，菜籽油中荧光物质在不同氧化模式中的演变规律呈显著差异，氧化温度对菜籽油荧光光谱有明显影响。常温氧化350 d与第1 d相比，菜籽油的特征荧光峰位置无变化，仅在激发波长Ex为620和660 nm附近荧光峰强度发生微弱变化；Schaal烘箱氧化26 d后，在激发波长Ex为620和660 nm附近荧光峰强度显著减弱，且在激发波长Ex为350～450 nm之间有新的荧光峰生成；高温氧化48 h后，Ex为620和660 nm处荧光峰消失，在Ex为400～550 nm处产生显著荧光峰，相对Schaal烘箱氧化，荧光波长发生一定程度红移，这是由于高温氧化过程中油脂氧化生成的物质稳定性较差引起的。利用平行因子分析法对三维同步荧光光谱数据进行分解获取有效的二维荧光光谱数据，当组分数为6，Δλ=60 nm时激发波长的载荷值最大，不同样品间差异最显著。选定Δλ=60 nm波段的二维荧光光谱数据用于智能评价，作为BP神经网络模型的输入值，以极性组分作为模型输出值，分别对菜籽油三种氧化模式数据建模训练。实验结果表明，三种氧化模式对应的训练集、验证集、测试集模型相关系数r均能达到0.9以上，其中常温氧化模式中验证集及测试集模型的相关系数r为1，输出值与目标值较接近，模型的预测效果较好；综合三种氧化模式数据建模，对应训练集、验证集、测试集模型的相关系数分别为0.999，0.913和0.988，均方误差均较小，说明该模型能准确判断菜籽油的不同氧化状态。因此，三维同步荧光光谱技术结合平行因子分析法、BP神经网络法建立快速检测模型能实现菜籽油不同氧化状态的判别，为菜籽油的氧化程度的评价提供新方法，同时为其他食用油的品质评价提供参考。     

Vertical copper oxide nanowire arrays attached three-dimensional macroporous framework as a self-supported sensor for sensitive hydrogen peroxide detection

A hierarchical nanostructure consisting of uniform copper oxide nanowires vertically grown on three-dimensional copper framework (CuO NWs/3D-Cu foam) was prepared by a two-step synthetic process. The uniform CuO NWs anchored onto the 3D foam exhibited outstanding electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide reduction due to the unique one‐dimensional direction with its excellent catalytic activity and large surface area of 3D substrate, which enhanced electroactive sites and charge conductivity. As a result, a wide linear detection range of 1 µM–1 mM, good sensitivity of 8.87 µA/(mM ⋅ cm²), low detection limit of 0.98 µM, and rapid response time of 5 s to hydrogen peroxide were achieved under a working potential of −0.4 V in phosphate buffer solution (pH of 7.4). In addition, the CuO NWs/3D-Cu foam material showed excellent selectivity to hydrogen peroxide and good resistance against poisonous interferents, including ascorbic acid, dopamine, urea, uric acid, and potassium chloride. Furthermore, the CuO NWs/3D-Cu foam presented good reproducibility, stability, and accurate detection for hydrogen peroxide in real sample; therefore, it may be considered to be a potential free-standing hydrogen peroxide sensor in practical analysis applications.     

Cold,warm, and hot programming of shape memory polymers

In this article, programming is classified as hot, warm, and cold, based on the temperature zone within which the programming is conducted. The strain and stress locking and releasing mechanisms are discussed within the thermodynamics framework. A new formula is developed for quantifying the strain recovery ratio of cold-programmed SMPs. Stress fixity ratio and stress recovery ratio are also defined based on the understanding of stress locking and recovery mechanisms. State-of-the-art literature on warm and cold programming is reviewed. Well-controlled programming as well as free strain recovery test and constrained stress recovery test are conducted, in order to validate the memory mechanisms discussed in this study. It is found that, while programming temperature has an insignificant effect on the final free shape recovery, it has a significant effect on the stress recovery. The recovery stress programmed by cold programming may be lower, equal to, or higher than that by hot programming, due to the different stress locking mechanisms and other factors such as damage during the thermomechanical cycle. Cold, Warm, and Hot Programming of Shape Memory Polymers © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54, 1319–1339     

Comparative analysis of shape memory-based self-healing coatings

Self-healing materials exhibit the ability to repair and to recover their functionality upon damage. Here, we report on an investigation into preparation and characterization of shape memory assisted self-healing coatings. We built on past work in which poly(ε-caprolactone) electrospun fibers were infiltrated with a shape memory epoxy matrix and delve into fabricating and characterizing a coating with the same materials, but employing a blending approach, polymerization induced phase separation. After applying controlled damage, the ability of both coatings to self-heal upon heating was investigated. In both methods, coatings showed excellent thermally induced crack closure and protection against corrosion, with the blend approach being more suitable for large-scale applications given its process simplicity. Two different approaches to the preparation of shape memory-based self-healing coatings were compared for their ability to heal structurally and functionally by heating. These two approaches, electrospinning versus polymerization-induced phase separation were found to feature comparable and quite complete healing, with the latter system offering the advantage of facile processing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54, 1415–1426     

Sonochemical Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Using High Intensity Focused Ultrasound

The sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with different shapes and size distributions by using high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) operating at 463 kHz is reported. GNP formation proceeds through the reduction of Au³⁺ to Au⁰ by radicals generated by acoustic cavitation. TEM images reveal that GNPs show irregular shapes at 30 W, are primarily icosahedral at 50 W and form a significant amount of nanorods at 70 W. The size of GNPs decreases with increasing acoustic power with a narrower size distribution. Sonochemiluminescence images help in the understanding of the effect of HIFU in controlling the size and shapes of GNPs. The number of radicals that form and the mechanical forces that are generated control the shape and size of the GNPs. UV/Vis spectra and TEM images are used to propose a possible mechanism for the observed effects. The results presented demonstrate, for the first time, that the HIFU system can be used to synthesise size‐ and shape‐controlled metal nanoparticles.     

Regulating Molecular Recognition with C‐Shaped Strips Attained by Chirality‐Assisted Synthesis

Chirality‐assisted synthesis (CAS) is a general approach to control the shapes of large molecular strips. CAS is based on enantiomerically pure building blocks that are designed to strictly couple in a single geometric orientation. Fully shape‐persistent structures can thus be created, even in the form of linear chains. With CAS, selective recognition between large host and guest molecules can reliably be designed de novo. To demonstrate this concept, three C‐shaped strips that can embrace a pillar[5]arene macrocycle were synthesized. The pillar[5]arene bound to the strips was a better host for electron‐deficient guests than the free macrocycle. Experimental and computational evidence is provided for these unique cooperative interactions to illustrate how CAS could open the door towards the precise positioning of functional groups for regulated supramolecular recognition and catalysis.     

Influence of Size and Shape on the Photocatalytic Properties of SnO2 Nanocrystals

Tuning the functional properties of nanocrystals is an important issue in nanoscience. Here, we are able to tune the photocatalytic properties of SnO₂ nanocrystals by controlling their size and shape. A structural analysis was carried out by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD)/Rietveld and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results reveal that the number of oxygen‐related defects varies upon changing the size and shape of the nanocrystals, which eventually influences their photocatalytic properties. Time‐resolved spectroscopic studies of the carrier relaxation dynamics of the SnO₂ nanocrystals further confirm that the electron–hole recombination process is controlled by oxygen/defect states, which can be tuned by changing the shape and size of the materials. The degradation of dyes (90 %) in the presence of SnO₂ nanoparticles under UV light is comparable to that (88 %) in the presence of standard TiO₂ Degussa P‐25 (P25) powders. The photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles is significantly higher than those of nanorods and nanospheres because the effective charge separation in the SnO₂ nanoparticles is controlled by defect states leading to enhanced photocatalytic properties. The size‐ and shape‐dependent photocatalytic properties of SnO₂ nanocrystals make these materials interesting candidates for photocatalytic applications.     

基于虚拟相位平面的相位展开方法

在基于相位分析的三维测量系统中,为了准确地得到物体的高度,相位展开扮演着很重要的角色。传统的相位展开方法常常需要额外的投影图,而傅里叶变换轮廓术只需要采集一幅或两幅变形条纹图就可以实现对物体轮廓的测量,其方法速度快,易于实现。针对傅里叶变换轮廓术方法计算得到的截断相位分布,本文提出了一种利用截断相位与参考平面相位差值2π的整数倍数获得截断相位的正确级次,辅助相位展开的方法。当被测物体较复杂,或者相位截断次数较多时,该方法在已有参考平面相位的基础上虚拟新的相位平面,依次比较截断相位和虚拟相位,进行多次分级相位展开,结合多个展开相位结果,最终得到正确的展开相位。该方法展开速度快,展开错误不会蔓延传递。仿真和实物实验结果证明了该方法的可行性,说明该方法可用于傅里叶变换轮廓术中进行截断相位的快速展开。     

Polarization tensors of planar domains as functions of the admittivity contrast

(Electric) polarization tensors describe part of the leading order term of asymptotic voltage perturbations caused by low volume fraction inhomogeneities of the electrical properties of a medium. They depend on the geometry of the support of the inhomogeneities and on their admittivity contrast. Corresponding asymptotic formulas are of particular interest in the design of reconstruction algorithms for determining the locations and the material properties of inhomogeneities inside a body from measurements of current flows and associated voltage potentials on the body’s surface. In this work, we consider the two-dimensional case only and provide an analytic representation of the polarization tensor in terms of spectral properties of the double layer integral operator associated with the support of simply connected conductivity inhomogeneities. Furthermore, we establish that an (infinitesimal) simply connected inhomogeneity has the shape of an ellipse, if and only if the polarization tensor is a rational function of the admittivity contrast with at most two poles whose residues satisfy a certain algebraic constraint. We also use the analytic representation to provide a proof of the so-called Hashin–Shtrikman bounds for polarization tensors; a similar approach has been taken previously by Golden and Papanicolaou and Kohn and Milton in the context of anisotropic composite materials.